Continuing blinding (light curtain, light halo)
- Light scattering in the eye tissues
- Light scattering on transparent objects (optical devices, window glass…)
Flash blindness
Fluorescence of eye tissues or objects in front of them (veiling glare)
Continuing blinding
(Light) scattering in eye tissues
Image contrast
Image contrast
Cmax ≈ 30 % Cmax ≈ 3 % Cmax ≈ 1 %
Special laser flashlight “POTOK”
AO «NPO Spetsmaterialov»
Minimal permissible distance when used is no less than 4 m
- Coherent radiation wavelength is 635-660 nm. The optical power density of coherent radiation at a distance of 4 m is a 3A class.
- Laser mark size at a distance of 4m is 280±70 by 15±10 mm.
- MVD operational article
The SKNV (“СКНВ”) system of complex non-lethal impact
Light intensity relative to the axis of the light flux in continuous mode at a distance of 10,0 ± 0,5 m is no less than 20 000 lux.
The maximum power density of the 1st channel laser radiation
— wavelength λ=532 nm (green light) at a distance of 10,0 ± 0,5m is no more than 43 mW/cm2.
The maximum power density of the 2nd channel laser radiation — wavelength λ=635 nm (red light) at a distance of 10,0
± 0,5m is no more than 90 mW/cm2.
Luminous flux over 20,000 lumens ( 33 W if converted to 532 nm)
Saber 203
PHaSR (Personnel Halting and Stimulation Response)
Battlefield Optical Surveillance System(BOSS)
Air Force’s Phillips Laboratory
- 1 W 532nm laser
- And also:
- 45-W 808 nm searchlight
- 8-12 µm FLIR
Laser dazzlers in the USA operational service first-generation
Laser dazzlers in the USA operational service second generation
StunRay® XL-2000
Genesis Illumination, Inc (USA)
Light intensity of 105 candelas (45 times more than a car headlight)
Megaray MR175
Megaray, USA
- Power: 175 W
- Divergence: 2о – 6о
- Mode: continuous or 8 Hz strobe
- Weight: 3.6 kg
ShipRayTM BBL-3
Genesis Illumination, Inc (USA)
- Power: 6 х 1 kilowatt
- divergence: 1.4о
- weight: 98 kg
- Range of: illumination – a few nautical miles inhibition – 0.5nautical miles (at night)
Illuminance range
| E b , lx | conditions |
| 3∙10-4 | Moonless star sky |
| 0.1-1 | Full-moon clear sky |
| 2-300 | Twilight |
| 30-70 | House lighting |
| 101 – 102 | Maximum light intensity limit for an eye exposed to the |
| 635-650 nm laser radiation | |
| 102 – 103 | Grey day |
| 102 – 103 | Maximum light intensity limit for an eye exposed to the |
| 532 nm laser radiation | |
| 104 | In th shade under a clear sky |
| (0.3-1.3) ∙105 | In the full sun |
International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
– an angle between the direction of the light source and the line of sight ( 0. 1о < Θ < 100о) А – observer’s age (years)
р – eye pigmentation factor (р = 0-1.2 )
- P=1.2
- P=0
- A=30, Lb=10
Light Cone Limit
Maximum angle of lighting at the laser power limit P=79 µW and 532 nm
Light sources available at the market
| λ, nm | type | Р, W | S | F, lm |
| 440-450 | LD | up to 5 – single | 0.05 | 170-3400 |
| up to 100 – matrix | 0.4-0.45 -night | |||
| 473 | DPSS | Up to 1 | 0.12 | up to 90 |
| 0.72 –night | ||||
| 520-555 | LD | 3@555 nm (matrix?) | 0.6-1.0 | 2000 |
| 7@520 nm (matrix) | ||||
| 2600 | ||||
| 532 | DPSS | 16 | 0.89 | 9700 |
| 635-650 | LD | 40 (638 nm) fiber 400 µm, | 0.25-0.15 | 5500 |
| NA=0.22 | ||||
| white | Хе | up to 500 | 25 lm/W | up to 12000 |
| 4375 – MegaRay | ||||
| MR175 | ||||
| white | LED | Up to 100 | ||
| 273 | lm/W | |||
| CVM-32-56-95-54-FC00-F2-2 | 24800 | |||
| (LUMINUS) | 91 lm/W | |||
Pulse lighting (illuminance)
«LS-101» (ЛС-101) sniper countermeasures laser station
ОAO «OKB Granat»
PAPV sniper countermeasures device
(portable automatic optical-electronic countermeasures device) АО EKBtochmash im. A.E.Nudelman
- Probing radiation: 2 W @ 0.86 μm, 6 kHz
- Radiation power (laser power emission):
- Pulse frequency 0.1 Hz
- Pulse energy:
- 200 mJ @ 0.53 μm
- 1.5 J @ 1.06 μm Operating range: 300 – 1500 m Weight: 56 kg
- 5P-42 Philin and 5P-42E Grach visual- optical jamming stations
AO “Opytnyi Zavod “Integral”
- Spectral range: 0.35-2.5 μm
- Modulation frequency: 5-15 Hz
- Consumed power: 2.4 kW
Megaray MR175
Megaray, USA
- Power: 175 W
- Divergence: 2о – 6о
- Mode: continuous or 8 Hz strobe
- Weight: 3.6 kg
Maximum eye-safe lighting (Maximum eyesafe exposure limit)
Calculated eye recovery time after foveal exposure to laser radiation with a wavelength of 550 nm at different background illuminations. The black color shows an eye-safe area, and the grey shows a damaged area.
LED incapacitation
Intelligent Optical Systems etc.
Eye tissues luminance
